Prevalencia de osteopenia del prematuro antes y después de la implementación de una estrategia temprana de manejo fosfocálcico / Prevalence of osteopenia of prematurity before and after implementing an early strategy with the use of calcium and phosphate

Introducción. Con el uso de la nutrición parenteral agresiva en recién nacidos de muy bajo peso, se detectaron alteraciones del metabolismo fosfocálcico. En 2016 se implementó una estrategia de prevención a través del monitoreo fosfocálcico y su suplementación temprana. El objetivo fue estudiar si esta estrategia disminuye la prevalencia de osteopenia e identificar factores de riesgo asociados. Población y métodos. Estudio cuasiexperimental que comparó la prevalencia de osteopenia entre dos grupos: uno después de implementar la estrategia de monitoreo y suplementación fosfocálcica (01/01/2017-31/12/2019), y otro previo a dicha intervención (01/01/2013-31/12/2015). Resultados. Se incluyeron 226 pacientes: 133 pertenecen al período preintervención y 93 al posintervención. La prevalencia de osteopenia global fue del 26,1 % (IC95% 20,5-32,3) y disminuyó del 29,3 % (IC95% 21,7-37,8) en el período preintervención al 21,5 % (IC95% 13,6-31,2) en el posintervención, sin significancia estadística (p = 0,19). En el análisis multivariado, el puntaje NEOCOSUR de riesgo de muerte al nacer, recibir corticoides posnatales y el período de intervención se asociaron de manera independiente a osteopenia. Haber nacido luego de la intervención disminuyó un 71 % la probabilidad de presentar fosfatasa alcalina >500 UI/L independientemente de las restantes variables incluidas en el modelo. Conclusión. La monitorización y suplementación fosfocálcica precoz constituye un factor protector para el desarrollo de osteopenia en recién nacidos con muy bajo peso al nacer.

Introduction. With the use of aggressive parenteral nutrition in very low birth weight infants, alterations in calcium and phosphate metabolism were detected. In 2016, a prevention strategy was implemented through calcium phosphate monitoring and early supplementation. Our objective was to study whether this strategy reduces the prevalence of osteopenia and to identify associated risk factors. Population and methods. Quasi-experiment comparing the prevalence of osteopenia between two groups: one after implementing the calcium phosphate monitoring and supplementation strategy (01/01/2017­12/31/2019) and another prior to such intervention (01/01/2013­12/31/2015). Results. A total of 226 patients were included: 133 in the pre-intervention period and 93 in the post-intervention period. The overall prevalence of osteopenia was 26.1% (95% CI: 20.5­32.3) and it was reduced from 29.3% (95% CI: 21.7­37.8) in the pre-intervention period to 21.5% (95% CI: 13.6­31.2) in the post-intervention period, with no statistical significance (p = 0.19). In the multivariate analysis, the NEOCOSUR score for risk of death at birth, use of postnatal corticosteroids, and the intervention period were independently associated with osteopenia. Being born after the intervention reduced the probability of alkaline phosphatase > 500 IU/L by 71%, regardless of the other variables included in the model. Conclusion. Calcium phosphate monitoring and early supplementation is a protective factor against the development of osteopenia in very low birth weight infants.

Prevalence of osteopenia of prematurity before and after implementing an early strategy with the use of calcium and phosphate. / Prevalencia de osteopenia del prematuro antes y después de la implementación de una estrategia temprana de manejo fosfocálcico.

Introduction. With the use of aggressive parenteral nutrition in very low birth weight infants, alterations in calcium and phosphate metabolism were detected. In 2016, a prevention strategy was implemented through calcium phosphate monitoring and early supplementation. Our objective was to study whether this strategy reduces the prevalence of osteopenia and to identify associated risk factors. Population and methods. Quasi-experiment comparing the prevalence of osteopenia between two groups: one after implementing the calcium phosphate monitoring and supplementation strategy (01/01/2017-12/31/2019) and another prior to such intervention (01/01/2013-12/31/2015). Results. A total of 226 patients were included: 133 in the pre-intervention period and 93 in the post-intervention period. The overall prevalence of osteopenia was 26.1% (95% CI: 20.5-32.3) and it was reduced from 29.3% (95% CI: 21.7-37.8) in the pre-intervention period to 21.5% (95% CI: 13.6-31.2) in the post-intervention period, with no statistical significance (p = 0.19). In the multivariate analysis, the NEOCOSUR score for risk of death at birth, use of postnatal corticosteroids, and the intervention period were independently associated with osteopenia. Being born after the intervention reduced the probability of alkaline phosphatase > 500 IU/L by 71%, regardless of the other variables included in the model. Conclusion. Calcium phosphate monitoring and early supplementation is a protective factor against the development of osteopenia in very low birth weight infants.

Introducción. Con el uso de la nutrición parenteral agresiva en recién nacidos de muy bajo peso, se detectaron alteraciones del metabolismo fosfocálcico. En 2016 se implementó una estrategia de prevención a través del monitoreo fosfocálcico y su suplementación temprana. El objetivo fue estudiar si esta estrategia disminuye la prevalencia de osteopenia e identificar factores de riesgo asociados. Población y métodos. Estudio cuasiexperimental que comparó la prevalencia de osteopenia entre dos grupos: uno después de implementar la estrategia de monitoreo y suplementación fosfocálcica (01/01/2017-31/12/2019), y otro previo a dicha intervención (01/01/2013-31/12/2015). Resultados. Se incluyeron 226 pacientes: 133 pertenecen al período preintervención y 93 al posintervención. La prevalencia de osteopenia global fue del 26,1 % (IC95% 20,5-32,3) y disminuyó del 29,3 % (IC95% 21,7-37,8) en el período preintervención al 21,5 % (IC95% 13,6-31,2) en el posintervención, sin significancia estadística (p = 0,19). En el análisis multivariado, el puntaje NEOCOSUR de riesgo de muerte al nacer, recibir corticoides posnatales y el período de intervención se asociaron de manera independiente a osteopenia. Haber nacido luego de la intervención disminuyó un 71 % la probabilidad de presentar fosfatasa alcalina >500 UI/L independientemente de las restantes variables incluidas en el modelo. Conclusión. La monitorización y suplementación fosfocálcica precoz constituye un factor protector para el desarrollo de osteopenia en recién nacidos con muy bajo peso al nacer.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with the need for surgical intervention due to necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants.

INTRODUCTION: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal emergencies affecting very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with an incidence of 6-15 %. Early recognition is crucial. Mortality is high and variable (30-50 %). Those requiring surgical intervention have a higher mortality rate than those who receive medical treatment. OBJECTIVES: 1) To assess the prevalence of surgical NEC and associated risk factors 2) To compare outcomes based on the type of treatment required 3) To estimate the mortality associated with NEC and surgical NEC. METHODS: A multicentre retrospective cohort study was designed (level II), including VLBW infants born between 2011 and 2020 in Centers of the Neocosur Network. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate risk factors associated with the need for surgery. RESULTS: NEC was diagnosed in 1679 (10.4 %) of 16,131 births in this period. The prevalence of surgery was 25 % (95 % CI 23-27 %). In multivariable analysis, variables associated with an increased risk of surgery requirement were birth weight <750 g (aOR 1.73-95%CI 1.2-2.5) and receiving antenatal antibiotics (aOR 1.54-95%CI 1.09-2.74). Those requiring surgery had significantly higher morbidity and mortality than the ones receiving medical treatment. CONCLUSION: In VLBW infants with NEC, lower birth weight and antenatal antibiotics administration were independently associated with the need for surgical intervention.

The Alarm Fatigue Challenge in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A "before" and "after" Study.

OBJECTIVE: Alarm fatigue (AF) happens when professionals are exposed to many alarms and they become desensitized to them. It is related to proliferation of devices, not standardized alarm limits, and high prevalence of "nonactionable alarms," i.e., false alarms (triggered by equipment issues) or nuisance alarms (physiological change not requiring clinical action). When AF happens, response time seems to be longer and important alarms could be dismissed. After evaluating the situation in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), an alarm management program (AMP) was developed to reduce AF. The objective of this study were to compare the proportion of true alarms, nonactionable alarms, and to measure response time to alarms in the NICU before and after implementing an AMP and also to determine variables associated with nonactionable alarms and response time. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 100 observations were collected between December 2019 and January 2020. After an AMP was implemented, 100 new observations were collected between June 2021 and August 2021. We estimated the true and nonactionable alarms proportion. Univariate analyses were performed to determine variables associated with nonactionable alarms and response time. Logistic regression was performed to assess independent variables. RESULTS: The proportion of true alarms before and after AMP was 31 versus 57% (p = 0.001), whereas the proportion of nonactionable alarms was 69 versus 43% (p = 0.001). Median response time was significantly reduced (35 versus 12 seconds; p = 0.001). Before AMP, neonates with less intensive care needs had a higher proportion of nonactionable alarms and a longer response time. After AMP, response time was similar for true and nonactionable alarms. For both periods, the need of respiratory support was significantly associated with true alarms (p = 0.001). In the adjusted analysis, response time (p = 0.001) and respiratory support (p = 0.003) remained associated with nonactionable alarms. CONCLUSION: AF was highly prevalent in our NICU. This study shows that after the implementation of an AMP, response time to alarms and the proportion of nonactionable alarms can be significantly reduced. KEY POINTS: · AF happens when professionals are exposed to many alarms and they become desensitized to them.. · The presence of AF can compromise patients' safety.. · The implementation of an AMP can reduce AF..

Withdrawing Assisted Nutrition in Neonates: A Survey on Attitudes and Insights in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess beliefs and attitudes of Argentinean neonatologists and neonatal nurses regarding end-of-life care of newborn infants, including withdrawal of clinically assisted nutrition and hydration (CANH). STUDY DESIGN: A five-domain survey was sent to 465 neonatal health care workers, which included demographic data, general ethical concepts, participation in end-of-life decisions, beliefs about end-of-life care practices, and presentation of four clinical scenarios. Standard statistical tests were used, and a multivariable analysis was done to evaluate variables independently associated with rejecting the withdrawal of CANH. RESULTS: A total of 227 questionnaires were anonymously completed, 60% by physicians and 40% by nurses. More respondents agreed to withdraw mechanical ventilation in comparison to CANH in patients under certain circumstances (88 vs. 62%, p < 0.01). The most accepted variables when deciding to withdraw care were the quality of life perceived by parents (86%) and their religious beliefs (73%). A total of 93% agreed that parents should be included in the decision, but only 74% acknowledged they are included in real practice. Considering the scenario of a newborn with severe and irreversible neurological compromise, 46% of respondents were opposed to suspending enteral nutrition. No independent variables were found to be associated with opposing the withdrawal of CANH. Of those agreeing to withdraw enteral feeds under certain circumstances, for the severely neurologically affected neonate 58% would either refuse to limit enteral feeds or consult with an ethics committee before doing so. When given the scenario of their own severe and irreversible neurological compromise, 68% agreed to have enteral feeds withdrawn to themselves, and they were more likely to agree with withdrawing feeds for the severely compromised neonate (odds ratio: 7.2; 95% confidence interval: 2.7-24.1). CONCLUSION: While most health care providers agreed to withdraw life-sustaining support under certain conditions, many were reluctant to suspend CANH. Many responses differed when being asked as general statements versus actual clinical scenarios. KEY POINTS: · Withdrawal of assisted nutrition is supported by the American Academy of Pediatrics in certain scenarios.. · Many neonatal intensive care units health care providers from Argentina are reluctant to suspend assisted nutrition.. · There is a need to learn how to deal with complex bioethical issues..

Decisiones en reanimación y cuidados de fin de vida en neonatos. Aspectos bioéticos (parte II) / Decisions concerning resuscitation and end-of-life care in neonates. Bioethical aspects (Part II)

La manera de enfrentar la muerte de un recién nacido requiere formación y reflexiones sobre el proceso de toma de decisiones de fin de vida, la comunicación con la familia y los cuidados que se proveerán. El objetivo de este artículo es profundizar aspectos salientes de bioética neonatal aplicados a situaciones de fin de vida en recién nacidos. En la primera parte, se exponen nociones de futilidad terapéutica, criterios de adecuación de cuidados, derechos de pacientes y de su familia, y conceptos acerca del valor de la vida. En la segunda parte, se analizan las situaciones que ameritan la consideración de adecuación de cuidados y se profundizan aspectos de la comunicación y el complejo proceso de toma de decisiones de fin de vida en recién nacidos.

Coping with the death of a newborn infant requires training and reflection regarding the end-of-life decision-making process, communication with the family, and the care to be provided. The objective of this article is to analyze in depth the salient aspects of neonatal bioethics applied to end-of-life situations in newborn infants. Part I describes notions of therapeutic futility, redirection of care criteria, patient and family rights, and concepts about the value of life. Part II analyzes situations that deserve considering the redirection of care and delves into aspects of communication and the complex process of end-of-life decision-making in newborn infants.

La importancia de una comunicación empática con los pacientes y sus familias / The importance of empathic communication with patients and their families

La lectura de experiencias personales en situaciones de compromiso de la salud refleja el impacto que tiene sobre los pacientes y sus familias la manera de comunicarse de los profesionales. En este artículo se recorren textos de la literatura con ejemplos paradigmáticos, se mencionan posibles motivos del uso de jerga médica y se reflexiona sobre la importancia de una adecuada comunicación con los pacientes y sus familias, haciendo hincapié en la escucha activa, la individualización del abordaje considerando el contexto, los hábitos y las habilidades que deben estar presentes en los encuentros ante situaciones críticas. Se subraya la importancia de desarrollar programas formativos que incluyan encuentros de simulación. (AU)

Reading personal experiences in situations involving health problems reflects the impact that inadequate communication has on patients and their families. This article reviews texts from the literature with paradigmatic examples, mentions possible reasons for the use of medical jargon and reflects on the importance of adequate communication with patients and their families, emphasizing active listening, personalized approach considering contextual circumstances, habits and skills that must be present in critical situations meetings. The importance of developing training programs that include simulation scenarios is underlined. (AU)

Decisiones en reanimación y cuidados de fin de vida en neonatos. Aspectos bioéticos (parte I) / Decisions concerning resuscitation and end-of-life care in neonates. Bioethical aspects (Part I)

La manera de enfrentar la muerte de un recién nacido requiere formación y reflexiones sobre el proceso de toma de decisiones de fin de vida, la comunicación con la familia y los cuidados que se proveerán. El objetivo de este artículo es profundizar aspectos salientes de bioética neonatal aplicadas a situaciones de fin de vida en recién nacidos. En la primera parte, se exponen nociones de futilidad terapéutica, criterios de adecuación de cuidados, derechos de pacientes y de su familia, y conceptos acerca del valor de la vida. En la segunda parte, se analizan las situaciones que ameritan la consideración de adecuación de cuidados y se profundizan aspectos de la comunicación y el complejo proceso de toma de decisiones de fin de vida en recién nacidos.

Coping with the death of a newborn infant requires training and reflection regarding the end-of-life decision-making process, communication with the family, and the care to be provided. The objective of this article is to analyze in depth the salient aspects of neonatal bioethics applied to end-of-life situations in newborn infants. Part I describes notions of therapeutic futility, redirection of care criteria, patient and family rights, and concepts about the value of life. Part II analyzes situations that deserve considering the redirection of care and delves into aspects of communication and the complex process of end-of-life decision-making in newborn infants.

Decisions concerning resuscitation and end-of-life care in neonates. Bioethical aspects (Part I). / Decisiones en reanimación y cuidados de fin de vida en neonatos. Aspectos bioéticos (parte I).

Coping with the death of a newborn infant requires training and reflection regarding the end-of-life decision-making process, communication with the family, and the care to be provided. The objective of this article is to analyze in depth the salient aspects of neonatal bioethics applied to end-of-life situations in newborn infants. Part I describes notions of therapeutic futility, redirection of care criteria, patient and family rights, and concepts about the value of life. Part II analyzes situations that deserve considering the redirection of care and delves into aspects of communication and the complex process of end-of-life decision-making in newborn infants.

La manera de enfrentar la muerte de un recién nacido requiere formación y reflexiones sobre el proceso de toma de decisiones de fin de vida, la comunicación con la familia y los cuidados que se proveerán. El objetivo de este artículo es profundizar aspectos salientes de bioética neonatal aplicadas a situaciones de fin de vida en recién nacidos. En la primera parte, se exponen nociones de futilidad terapéutica, criterios de adecuación de cuidados, derechos de pacientes y de su familia, y conceptos acerca del valor de la vida. En la segunda parte, se analizan las situaciones que ameritan la consideración de adecuación de cuidados y se profundizan aspectos de la comunicación y el complejo proceso de toma de decisiones de fin de vida en recién nacidos.

Decisions concerning resuscitation and end-of-life care in neonates. Bioethical aspects (Part II). / Decisiones en reanimación y cuidados de fin de vida en neonatos. Aspectos bioéticos (parte II).

Coping with the death of a newborn infant requires training and reflection regarding the end-of-life decision-making process, communication with the family, and the care to be provided. The objective of this article is to analyze in depth the salient aspects of neonatal bioethics applied to end-of-life situations in newborn infants. Part I describes notions of therapeutic futility, redirection of care criteria, patient and family rights, and concepts about the value of life. Part II analyzes situations that deserve considering the redirection of care and delves into aspects of communication and the complex process of end-of-life decision-making in newborn infants.

La manera de enfrentar la muerte de un recién nacido requiere formación y reflexiones sobre el proceso de toma de decisiones de fin de vida, la comunicación con la familia y los cuidados que se proveerán. El objetivo de este artículo es profundizar aspectos salientes de bioética neonatal aplicados a situaciones de fin de vida en recién nacidos. En la primera parte, se exponen nociones de futilidad terapéutica, criterios de adecuación de cuidados, derechos de pacientes y de su familia, y conceptos acerca del valor de la vida. En la segunda parte, se analizan las situaciones que ameritan la consideración de adecuación de cuidados y se profundizan aspectos de la comunicación y el complejo proceso de toma de decisiones de fin de vida en recién nacidos.

Principios básicos de ecografía pulmonar en neonatología / Basic notions of lung ultrasound in neonatology

La ecografía pulmonar (EP) ha ganado terreno en el diagnóstico de la mayoría de las patologías respiratorias presentes desde el nacimiento. Es altamente sensible a las variaciones del contenidode aire y fluidos pulmonares, y constituye un verdadero densitómetro del parénquimapulmonar con una sensibilidad superior a la de los estudios radiológicos. Es no invasiva, rápida, fácil de realizar junto a la cama del paciente y, a diferencia de la radiología convencional, no presenta riesgos de radiación. Además, nosproporciona información dinámica en tiempo real en una variedad de entornos neonatales y, al igual que las evaluaciones del corazón y el cerebro, puede ser realizada por el neonatólogo. El objetivo de esta publicación es mostrarlos principales artefactos e imágenes que sepueden encontrar en la EP neonatal, así como los diferentes patrones de aireación, y destacar su utilidad en el estudio de los trastornosrespiratorios más frecuentes del neonato.

Lung ultrasound (LU) has gained ground in the diagnosis of most respiratory conditions present since birth. It is highly sensitive to variations in air content and pulmonary fluids and functions as a true densitometer of the lung parenchyma with a sensitivity superior to that of radiological studies. A LU is a non-invasive, fast and easy tool that can be used at the patient's bedside and, unlike conventional radiology, does not pose risks of radiation. In addition, a LU provides real-time dynamic information in a variety of neonatal settings and, like heart and brain examinations, can be performed by the neonatologist. The objective of this article is to describe the main artifacts and images that can be found in the neonatal LU, as well as the different aeration patterns, and to highlight their usefulness in the study of the most frequent respiratory disorders of neonates.

Basic notions of lung ultrasound in neonatology. / Principios básicos de ecografía pulmonar en neonatología.

Lung ultrasound (LU) has gained ground in the diagnosis of most respiratory conditions present since birth. It is highly sensitive to variations in air content and pulmonary fluids and functions as a true densitometer of the lung parenchyma with a sensitivity superior to that of radiological studies. A LU is a non-invasive, fast and easy tool that can be used at the patient's bedside and, unlike conventional radiology, does not pose risks of radiation. In addition, a LU provides real-time dynamic information in a variety of neonatal settings and, like heart and brain examinations, can be performed by the neonatologist. The objective of this article is to describe the main artifacts and images that can be found in the neonatal LU, as well as the different aeration patterns, and to highlight their usefulness in the study of the most frequent respiratory disorders of neonates.

La ecografía pulmonar (EP) ha ganado terreno en el diagnóstico de la mayoría de las patologías respiratorias presentes desde el nacimiento. Es altamente sensible a las variaciones del contenido de aire y fluidos pulmonares, y constituye un verdadero densitómetro del parénquima pulmonar con una sensibilidad superior a la de los estudios radiológicos. Es no invasiva, rápida, fácil de realizar junto a la cama del paciente y, a diferencia de la radiología convencional, no presenta riesgos de radiación. Además, nos proporciona información dinámica en tiempo real en una variedad de entornos neonatales y, al igual que las evaluaciones del corazón y el cerebro, puede ser realizada por el neonatólogo. El objetivo de esta publicación es mostrar los principales artefactos e imágenes que se pueden encontrar en la EP neonatal, así como los diferentes patrones de aireación, y destacar su utilidad en el estudio de los trastornos respiratorios más frecuentes del neonato.

Mortality in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants in South American NEOCOSUR Neonatal Network: timing and causes / Mortalidad en recién nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacer en la Red Neonatal NEOCOSUR: causalidad y temporalidad.

INTRODUCTION: Mortality in very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs) has remained at ~26% in the past 16 years in the NEOCOSUR Neonatal Network. OBJECTIVE: Mortality in very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs) has remained at ~26% in the past 16 years in the NEOCOSUR Neonatal Network. POPULATION AND METHODS: Observational, multicenter cohort study; retrospective analysis of data collected prospectively. Newborn infants born between 24 and 31+6 weeks of gestation age with a birth weight between 500 and 1500 g in the 26 sites of the NEOCOSUR Neonatal Network were included. The causes of death were analyzed depending on whether they occurred in the delivery room (DR) or in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The postnatal age at time of death was determined using the KaplanMeier test. RESULTS: Observational, multicenter cohort study; retrospective analysis of data collected prospectively. Newborn infants born between 24 and 31+6 weeks of gestation age with a birth weight between 500 and 1500 g in the 26 sites of the NEOCOSUR Neonatal Network were included. The causes of death were analyzed depending on whether they occurred in the delivery room (DR) or in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The postnatal age at time of death was determined using the KaplanMeier test. CONCLUSIONS: Important differences were observed in the causes of death of VLBWIs depending on their occurrence in the DR or the NICU. Infectious and respiratory conditions were the most relevant factors following admission to the NICU.

Introducción. La mortalidad de los recién nacidos de muy bajo peso de nacimiento (RNMBPN) se ha mantenido en ~26 % en los últimos 16 años en la Red Neonatal NEOCOSUR. Objetivo. Determinar la causa de muerte de los RNMBPN y su temporalidad en el período 20072016 en la Red Neonatal NEOCOSUR. Población y métodos. Estudio observacional de cohorte multicéntrica; análisis retrospectivo de datos obtenidos prospectivamente. Se incluyeron recién nacidos entre 24 y 31+6 semanas de edad gestacional y peso de nacimiento de 500-1500 g, en 26 centros de la Red Neonatal NEOCOSUR. Las causas de muerte se analizaron según ocurriera en sala de partos (SP) o durante la estadía en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN). La edad posnatal de muerte se determinó a través de análisis de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados. Se incluyeron un total de 11753 RNMBPN con una mortalidad global del 25,6 %. Las causas de muerte predominantes en SP fueron malformaciones congénitas (43,3 %), enfermedades respiratorias (14,3 %) y prematuridad (11,4 %). Las causas de muerte predominantes en UCIN fueron las respiratorias (24,2 %) e infecciosas (24,1 %). La edad promedio de muerte fue de 10,2 días y mediana de 4 días. El 10,2 % de las muertes ocurrieron en SP; el 21,5 %, durante el primer día; el 52 % ocurrió en los primeros 4 días y el 63,8 %, durante la primera semana de vida. , A través de los años, la mortalidad de los recién nacidos de muy bajo peso de nacimiento (RNMBPN) se ha mantenido estable, en torno al 26 % en la Red Neonatal NEOCOSUR.1 Esta mortalidad es mayor que la reportada por otras redes neonatales de países desarrollados. Así, los datos de la Red Suiza dan cuenta de una mortalidad de solo un 11 % entre los años 2012 a 2014 para el mismo grupo de recién nacidos.2 La red internacional iNEO, que agrupa 10 redes a lo largo del mundo, describe una mortalidad global del 9,1 % en RNMBPN de entre 24 a 32 semanas de edad gestacional entre los años 2007 y 2015.3 Por otra parte, la Red Neonatal Brasilera informa una mortalidad de 30 % en RNMBPN.4 f. Red Neonatal del Cono Sur (www. neocosur.org). Correspondencia: Alberto Toso: aatoso@ uc.cl Financiamiento: Ninguno. Conflicto de intereses: Ninguno que declarar. Recibido: 12-8-2021 Aceptado: 12-1-2022 Conclusiones. Se encuentran importantes diferencias en las causas de muerte de RNMBPN según ocurra en SP o en UCIN. Las infecciosas y respiratorias son las más relevantes luego del ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos.

Mortalidad en recién nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacer en la Red Neonatal NEOCOSUR: causalidad y temporalidad / Mortality in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants in South American NEOCOSUR Neonatal Network: timing and causes

Introducción. La mortalidad de los recién nacidos de muy bajo peso de nacimiento (RNMBPN) se ha mantenido en ~26 % en los últimos 16 años en la Red Neonatal NEOCOSUR. Objetivo. Determinar la causa de muerte de los RNMBPN y su temporalidad en el período 20072016 en la Red Neonatal NEOCOSUR. Población y métodos. Estudio observacional de cohorte multicéntrica; análisis retrospectivo de datos obtenidos prospectivamente. Se incluyeron recién nacidos entre 24 y 31+6 semanas de edad gestacional y peso de nacimiento de 500-1500 g, en 26 centros de la Red Neonatal NEOCOSUR. Las causas de muerte se analizaron según ocurriera en sala de partos (SP) o durante la estadía en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN). La edad posnatal de muerte se determinó a través de análisis de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados. Se incluyeron un total de 11.753 RNMBPN con una mortalidad global del 25,6 %. Las causas de muerte predominantes en SP fueron malformaciones congénitas (43,3 %), enfermedades respiratorias (14,3 %) y prematuridad (11,4 %). Las causas de muerte predominantes en UCIN fueron las respiratorias (24,2 %) e infecciosas (24,1 %). La edad promedio de muerte fue de 10,2 días y mediana de 4 días. El 10,2 % de las muertes ocurrieron en SP; el 21,5 %, durante el primer día; el 52 % ocurrió en los primeros 4 días y el 63,8 %, durante la primera semana de vida. Conclusiones. Se encuentran importantes diferencias en las causas de muerte de RNMBPN según ocurra en SP o en UCIN. Las infecciosas y respiratorias son las más relevantes luego del ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos.

Introduction. Mortality in very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs) has remained at ~26% in the past 16 years in the NEOCOSUR Neonatal Network. Objective. To determine the cause of death of VLBWIs and its temporality in the 2007-2016 period in the NEOCOSUR Neonatal Network. Population and methods. Observational, multicenter cohort study; retrospective analysis of data collected prospectively. Newborn infants born between 24 and 31+6 weeks of gestation age with a birth weight between 500 and 1500 g in the 26 sites of the NEOCOSUR Neonatal Network were included. The causes of death were analyzed depending on whether they occurred in the delivery room (DR) or in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The postnatal age at time of death was determined using the KaplanMeier test. Results. A total of 11 753 VLBWIs were included; overall mortality was 25.6%. The prevailing causes of death in the DR were congenital malformations (43.3%), respiratory diseases (14.3%), and prematurity (11.4%). The prevailing causes of death in the NICU were respiratory diseases (24.2%) and infections (24.1%). The average and median age at death were 10.2 and 4 days, respectively. Also, 10.2% of deaths occurred in the DR; 21.5% on day 1, 52% in the first 4 days, and 63.8% in the first week of life. Conclusions. Important differences were observed in the causes of death of VLBWIs depending on their occurrence in the DR or the NICU. Infectious and respiratory conditions were the most relevant factors following admission to the NICU.

Hipoglucemia neonatal en hijos de madres con diabetes mellitus gestacional. Comparación de la incidencia según el tratamiento materno / Neonatal hypoglycemia in infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus. Comparison of its incidence based on maternal treatment

Introducción. La hipoglucemia neonatal es una complicación de la diabetes mellitus gestacional Son pocos los estudios que avalan la pesquisa sistemática en este grupo poblacional durante las primeras horas de vida. Objetivos. Evaluar la asociación entre tratamiento materno recibido (dieta versus insulina) y el desarrollo de hipoglucemia, e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados. Población y métodos. Estudio observacional, analítico y retrospectivo realizado en en las sedes de Buenos AIres y San Justo de un hospital general de tercer nivel entre el 1 de enero de 2017 y el 31 de diciembre de 2018. Se estimó la incidencia de hipoglucemia (≤47 mg/dl) en recién nacidos según el manejo de la diabetes materna y se realizó un análisis multivariable para evaluar factores asociados. Resultados. Se incluyeron 195 pacientes. No se encontró diferencia estadística en la incidencia de hipoglucemia según el tratamiento materno recibido (45,3 % versus 39,7 %; p = 0,45) ni se identificaron factores de riesgo asociados. Modificando el valor de corte a ≤40 mg/dl, tampoco se encontraron diferencias en la incidencia (23,4 % versus 19 %, p = 0,48); no obstante, los pacientes hipoglucémicos presentaron un hematocrito significativamente mayor y una menor prevalencia de lactancia exclusiva al egreso. El análisis multivariable mostró una asociación independiente entre alto peso al nacer con hipoglucemia que requiere corrección. Conclusiones. La incidencia de hipoglucemia neonatal en la población estudiada no presentó diferencia según el tratamiento materno recibido. El estudio realizado fundamenta el control de la glucemia en estos niños en la práctica diaria.

Introduction. Neonatal hypoglycemia is a complication of gestational diabetes mellitus. Few studies have been conducted to support a systematic screening in the first hours of life of this population group. Objectives. To assess the association between the treatment administered to the mother (diet vs. insulin) and the development of hypoglycemia, and to identify associated risk factors. Population and methods. Observational, analytical, and retrospective study carried out at the Buenos Aires and San Justo maternal centers of a general, tertiary care hospital between 01-01-2017 and 12-31-2018. The incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia (≤ 47 mg/dL) based on the management of maternal diabetes was estimated and a multivariate analysis was done to assess related factors. Results. A total of 195 patients were included. No statistical difference was found in the incidence of hypoglycemia based on the treatment administered to the mother (45.3% vs. 39.7%; p = 0.45) and no associated risk factors were identified. Once the cutoff point was changed to ≤ 40 mg/dL, no differences were found in the incidence either (23.4% versus 19%, p = 0.48); however, patients with hypoglycemia had a significantly higher hematocrit level and a lower prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding upon discharge. Multivariate analysis showed an independent association between a high birth weight and hypoglycemia, requiring correction. Conclusions. The incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia in the studied population did not vary based on the treatment received by the mother. This study supports the control of glycemia in these infants in daily practice.

Neonatal hypoglycemia in infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus. Comparison of its incidence based on maternal treatment. / Hipoglucemia neonatal en hijos de madres con diabetes mellitus gestacional. Comparación de la incidencia según el tratamiento materno.

INTRODUCTION: Neonatal hypoglycemia is a complication of gestational diabetes mellitus. Few studies have been conducted to support a systematic screening in the first hours of life of this population group. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between the treatment administered to the mother (diet vs. insulin) and the development of hypoglycemia, and to identify associated risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, analytical, and retrospective study carried out at the Buenos Aires and San Justo maternal centers of a general, tertiary care hospital between 01-01-2017 and 12-31-2018. The incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia (≤ 47 mg/dL) based on the management of maternal diabetes was estimated and a multivariate analysis was done to assess related factors. RESULTS: A total of 195patients were included. No statistical difference was found in the incidence of hypoglycemia based on the treatment administered to the mother (45.3% vs. 39.7%; p = 0.45) and no associated risk factors were identified. Once the cutoff point was changed to ≤ 40 mg/dL, no differences were found in the incidence either (23.4% versus 19%, p = 0.48); however, patients with hypoglycemia had a significantly higher hematocrit level and a lower prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding upon discharge. Multivariate analysis showed an independent association between a high birth weight and hypoglycemia, requiring correction. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia in the studied population did not vary based on the treatment received by the mother. This study supports the control of glycemia in these infants in daily practice.

Introducción. La hipoglucemia neonatal es una complicación de la diabetes mellitus gestacional. Son pocos los estudios que avalan la pesquisa sistemática en este grupo poblacional durante las primeras horas de vida. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la asociación entre tratamiento materno recibido (dieta versus insulina) y el desarrollo de hipoglucemia, e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados. Población y métodos. Estudio observacional, analítico y retrospectivo realizado en en las sedes de Buenos AIres y San Justo de un hospital general de tercer nivel entre el 1 de enero de 2017 y el 31 de diciembre de 2018. Se estimó la incidencia de hipoglucemia (≤47 mg/dl) en recién nacidos según el manejo de la diabetes materna y se realizó un análisis multivariable para evaluar factores asociados. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 195 pacientes. No se encontró diferencia estadística en la incidencia de hipoglucemia según el tratamiento materno recibido (45,3 % versus 39,7 %; p = 0,45) ni se identificaron factores de riesgo asociados. Modificando el valor de corte a ≤40 mg/ dl, tampoco se encontraron diferencias en la incidencia (23,4 % versus 19 %, p = 0,48); no obstante, los pacientes hipoglucémicos presentaron un hematocrito significativamente mayor y una menor prevalencia de lactancia exclusiva al egreso. El análisis multivariable mostró una asociación independiente entre alto peso al nacer con hipoglucemia que requiere corrección. CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia de hipoglucemia neonatal en la población estudiada no presentó diferencia según el tratamiento materno recibido. El estudio realizado fundamenta el control de la glucemia en estos niños en la práctica diaria.

Early high amino-acid intake is associated with hypophosphatemia in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of hypophosphatemia in preterm infants according to parenteral nutrition received and to evaluate associated risk factors. DESIGN: A prospective multicenter cohort study included 111 patients ≤ 1250 g (7 NICUs of the NEOCOSUR Network). Two groups were compared according to the amino-acid supply in the first 48 h: aggressive parenteral group ≥ 3 g/kg/day and standard parenteral group: <2.9 g/kg/day. Hypophosphatemia was defined as serum phosphate < 4 mg/dl. A logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate associated risk factors. RESULTS: Fifty-eight infants received aggressive parenteral nutrition. The incidence of hypophosphatemia was significantly higher in the aggressive parenteral group (77.5% vs 53.8%, p = 0.009). Hypophosphatemia was independently associated with aggressive parenteral nutrition (aOR 4.16 95% CI 1.54-12.24) and negatively associated with phosphorous intake (aOR 0.92 95% CI 0.87-0.97). CONCLUSION: Both high amino-acid intake and low phosphorus supply during the first days after birth were independently associated with hypophosphatemia.

COVID-19 preparedness-a survey among neonatal care providers in low- and middle-income countries.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate COVID-19 pandemic preparedness, available resources, and guidelines for neonatal care delivery among neonatal health care providers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) across all continents. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional, web-based survey administered between May and June, 2020. RESULTS: Of 189 invited participants in 69 LMICs, we received 145 (77%) responses from 58 (84%) countries. The pandemic provides significant challenges to neonatal care, particularly in low-income countries. Respondents noted exacerbations of preexisting shortages in staffing, equipment, and isolation capabilities. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 9/35 (26%) respondents noted increased mortality in non-COVID-19-infected infants. Clinical practices on cord clamping, isolation, and breastfeeding varied widely, often not in line with World Health Organization guidelines. Most respondents noted family access restrictions, and limited shared decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: Many LMICs face an exacerbation of preexisting resource challenges for neonatal care during the pandemic. Variable approaches to care delivery and deviations from guidelines provide opportunities for international collaborative improvement.

Estrategias de preparación en unidades de neonatología durante la pandemia de COVID-19: Encuesta en maternidades de la Argentina / Preparedness strategies in neonatology units during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey conducted at maternity centers in Argentina

Introducción. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar recursos disponibles, guías utilizadas y preparación para la atención de neonatos en maternidades de Argentina durante la pandemia de COVID-19.Método. Estudio transversal mediante una encuesta enviada a equipos médicos y de enfermería. En mayo de 2020, se contactaron instituciones de más de 500 nacimientos anuales en la Argentina, el 58 % del sector público.Resultados. Respondieron 104/147 instituciones (el 71 %). Todas contaban con guías para la atención durante la pandemia, y un 93 % refirió haber recibido capacitación para su uso. No autorizaban la presencia de acompañante en el parto el 26 % de instituciones privadas y el 60 % de las públicas (p < 0,01). El 87 % recomendaba ligadura oportuna del cordón, el 62 % promovía internación conjunta en neonatos asintomáticos, un 70 % recomendaba la puesta al pecho con medidas de protección, y el 23 %, leche materna mediante biberón. El 94 % restringía el ingreso de familiares a Neonatología.Las dificultades incluyeron imposibilidad de contar con habitaciones individuales para neonatos sintomáticos y potencial limitación del personal de salud y equipos de protección personal.Conclusiones. Todas las instituciones conocen las guías nacionales para enfrentar la pandemia. La mayoría cuenta con recursos para respetar las medidas de protección recomendadas. Existe incertidumbre sobre si, ante un aumento significativo en el número de casos, serán suficientes los elementos de protección personal, el personal y el espacio físico disponible en los distintos centros

Introduction. The objective of this study was to analyze available resources, guidelines in use, and preparedness to care for newborn infants at maternity centers in Argentina during the COVID-19 pandemic.Method. Cross-sectional study based on a survey administered to medical and nursing staff. In May 2020, Argentine facilities with more than 500 annual births were contacted; 58 % of these were from the public sector.Results. In total, 104/147 facilities answered (71 %). All had guidelines for care during the pandemic, and 93 % indicated they had been trained on how to use them. A companion was not allowed during childbirth in 26 % of private facilities and in 60 % of public ones (p < 0.01). Deferred cord clamping was recommended in 87 %; rooming-in with asymptomatic newborns was promoted in 62 %; breastfeeding using protective measures was recommended in 70 %; and breast milk using a bottle, in 23 %. In 94 %, family visiting in the Neonatology Unit was restricted.Difficulties included the unavailability of individual rooms for symptomatic newborn infants and a potential shortage of health care staff and personal protective equipment.Conclusions. All facilities are aware of the national guidelines to fight the pandemic. Most have the resources to comply with the recommended protective measures. There is uncertainty as to whether personal protective equipment, staff, and physical space available at the different facilities would be enough if cases increased significantly

Preparedness strategies in neonatology units during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey conducted at maternity centers in Argentina. / Estrategias de preparación en unidades de neonatología durante la pandemia de COVID-19: Encuesta en maternidades de la Argentina.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to analyze available resources, guidelines in use, and preparedness to care for newborn infants at maternity centers in Argentina during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Cross-sectional study based on a survey administered to medical and nursing staff. In May 2020, Argentine facilities with more than 500 annual births were contacted; 58 % of these were from the public sector. RESULTS: In total, 104/147 facilities answered (71 %). All had guidelines for care during the pandemic, and 93 % indicated they had been trained on how to use them. A companion was not allowed during childbirth in 26 % of private facilities and in 60 % of public ones (p < 0.01). Deferred cord clamping was recommended in 87 %; rooming-in with asymptomatic newborns was promoted in 62 %; breastfeeding using protective measures was recommended in 70 %; and breast milk using a bottle, in 23 %. In 94 %, family visiting in the Neonatology Unit was restricted. Difficulties included the unavailability of individual rooms for symptomatic newborn infants and a potential shortage of health care staff and personal protective equipment. CONCLUSIONS: All facilities are aware of the national guidelines to fight the pandemic. Most have the resources to comply with the recommended protective measures. There is uncertainty as to whether personal protective equipment, staff, and physical space available at the different facilities would be enough if cases increased significantly.

Introducción. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar recursos disponibles, guías utilizadas y preparación para la atención de neonatos en maternidades de Argentina durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método. Estudio transversal mediante una encuesta enviada a equipos médicos y de enfermería. En mayo de 2020, se contactaron instituciones de más de 500 nacimientos anuales en la Argentina, el 58 % del sector público. Resultados. Respondieron 104/147 instituciones (el 71 %). Todas contaban con guías para la atención durante la pandemia, y un 93 % refirió haber recibido capacitación para su uso. No autorizaban la presencia de acompañante en el parto el 26 % de instituciones privadas y el 60 % de las públicas (p < 0,01). El 87 % recomendaba ligadura oportuna del cordón, el 62 % promovía internación conjunta en neonatos asintomáticos, un 70 % recomendaba la puesta al pecho con medidas de protección, y el 23 %, leche materna mediante biberón. El 94 % restringía el ingreso de familiares a Neonatología. Las dificultades incluyeron imposibilidad de contar con habitaciones individuales para neonatos sintomáticos y potencial limitación del personal de salud y equipos de protección personal. Conclusiones. Todas las instituciones conocen las guías nacionales para enfrentar la pandemia. La mayoría cuenta con recursos para respetar las medidas de protección recomendadas. Existe incertidumbre sobre si, ante un aumento significativo en el número de casos, serán suficientes los elementos de protección personal, el personal y el espacio físico disponible en los distintos centros.